COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF TWO SELECTED MEDICATED SOAP AND ONE LOCA BLACK SOAP ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS FROM WOUND INFECTION

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Certification page
Dedication page
Acknowledgement page
Table of content
Abstracts
CHAPTER ONE [INTRODUTION]
1.1Background of information 1.2Purpose of study 1.3Significance of study 1.4Limitation of study 1.5Definition of terms
2.0 CHAPTER TWO -LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Effect of Antimicrobial on Medical Soap on Staphylococcus aureus From
Wound Infection
2.2 Medical Relevance of Antimicrobial Soap
2.3 Normal Skin Microbiota and Soap
CHAPTER THREE -MATERIAL AND METHODS
3.1 Apparatus and Equipment
3.2 Sample collection
3.3 Preparation of media
3.4 Isolation of Micro organism
3.5 Gram staining on Primary Isolation
3.6 Preparation of Soap Samples
3.7 Preparation of Sensitivity Disc with Soap Samples
3.8 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
CHAPTER FOUR -RESULT DISCUSSION
4.1 Data presentation
4.2 Data analysis
4.3 Data interpretation
CHAPTER FIVE -CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
References
ABSTACT
Two medicated soaps and one local soap were investigated for their antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus. Identification of the bacteria species was by standard microbiological techniques which included colonial examination, gram staining, and biochemical testing. Minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal activities of the soaps were determined by disc agar diffusion method. Black soap has the highest antibacterial activity while branded medicated soap 2 exhibited the least zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. The soap analyzed has bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on the test pathogen. The use of local and medicated soaps is thus recommended in homes, schools, offices and hospitals.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Soaps and other cleansing agents have been around for quite a long time. For generations, hand washing with soap and water has been considered a measure of personal hygiene. Bacteria are very diverse and present in soil, water, sewage and on human body and are of great importance with reference to health (Johnson et al., 2002). In 1961 the U.S public Health service recommendation directed that personnel wash their hands with soap and water for 1 to 2 minutes before and after client contact. The antibacterial soaps can remove 65 to 85% bacteria from human skin (Osborne and Grube, 1982). Although fats and oils are general ingredients of soaps but some detergent additives enhance the antibacterial activities of soaps (Friedman and Wolf, 1996).
Transient bacteria are deposited on the skin surface from environmental sources and cause skin infections. Examples of such bacteria are Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Fluit et al., 2001) and Staphylococcus aureus (Higaki et al., 2000). The importance of hand washing is more crucial when it is associated to health care workers because of possible cross contaminating of bacteria that may be pathogenic or opportunistic (Richards et al., 1999). Hand hygiene and prevention of infection through the use of medicated soaps has been well recognized. A large number of chemical compounds have the ability to inhibit the growth and metabolism of microorganisms or kill them. The number of chemicals is enormous, probably at least 10, 000 with 1,000 commonly used in the hospital and homes. Chemicals exist as solids, liquids and gases. Of the many groups of chemicals used to reduce or destroy microbes important groups include hydrogen, phenols, soaps,
detergents, ammonia compounds, alcohols, heavy metals, acids and certain special compound. Disinfection, decontamination, antisepsis/sanitization and sterilization, just naming a few are terms that describe the process of cleaning by either soaps/detergents or other cleaning agents. Numerous cleaning agents are available in the market, which are presented in various forms with distinct formulation. Triclosan, trichlorocarbanilide and P-chloro-in-xylenol (PCMX/Chloroxylenol) are the commonly used anti-bacterials in medicated soaps. These are generally only contained at preservation level unless the product is clearly marked as antibacterial, antiseptic, or germicidal (Larson et al., 1989).
According to pelage et al (2007) antibacterial activity is the ability to either destroy bacteria or inhibit their growth. This is significant with respects to the human body in preventing sepsis and skin infections. Also Derland (1981) states that medicated soap have the germicidal substance like chloroxyhlenol potassium mercuric iodide, trichlorocarbanlide etc. incorporated into them, in order to enhance their antibacterial activity. These germicide substances are normally added in a specified amount and percentage of the substance used always stated on the soap case or inside the leaflet which certain the information on how to use the soap for various purposes.
Anon (1964) states that soap may be defined as a chemical compound resulting from the interaction of fatty acids oil and caustic soda (alkali) possesing the characteristic soap like properties of detergents, surface tension lowering wetting and emulsifying power and gel formation. All fatty oils and fats are mixtures of glycoside compounds (erters) of trihydric alcohol, glycosides and some fatty acids such as plasmatic acid the chemistry of soap manufacturing may be expressed the following equation which is known as saponification (Anon (1964).
Baker et al (1985) explained that chemical agent function as a sterilizing agent by the following lethal mechanisms
1. Disruption of the cell membranes.
2. Interfering with orgymatic systems of the organisms enzyme poison.
3. Co-agulation of protein.
4. Oxidation.
LOCAL BLACK SOAP
A local traditional medicated soap widely used by different tribes in Nigeria such as Hausa, Yoruba (ose dudu). The soap is produced from a mixture of vegetable oil (palm kerner oil and shea butter) that make the soap to have antimicrobial properties.
1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
1. To isolate staphylococcus aureus from wound infection.
2. To determine the antibacterial activity of three medicated soap on staphylococcus aureus isolated from wound infection.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The result of the project work will indicate the antibacterial activity of medicated soap. And if favourable, then local black soap and two medicated soap can be used for washing the surface of minor wound before the application of further medication.
1.6 LIMTATION OF THE STUDY
The study is limited to one local black soap and two types of medicated soaps which are: a. Branded medicated soap1
b. Branded medicated soap2
c. Local black soap. To treat various skin infection (wound), but financial constraints, time, limited our study.
1.7 DEFINATION OF THE TERMS
ANTIMICROBIAL: An antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms or inhibits their growth. Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they act primarily against. For example, antibiotics are used against bacteria and antifungals are used against fungi.
MEDICATED SOAP: It is a cleaning or emulsifying agent made by reacting animal or vegetable fats or oils with potassium or sodium hydroxide